Gene Therapy and Genetic Engineering for Curing Disorders

Gene Therapy and Genetic Engineering for Curing Disorders Introduction Now a days Gene therapy is a well known process of treatment of various genetic and other chronic diseases whereas, most of the drugs and vaccines have been discovered till now for almost all the kinds of diseases but still some of the diseases like cancer and AIDS are incurable. Hence, Gene therapy is seeking all the attention and is much beneficial. As gene therapy is the technique that deals with the treatment or the prevention of various diseases. Besides this, Genetic Engineering is another technique which is quite useful for designing, editing or creating a manual recombinant for the sake of getting a better trait, character or expression in the desired species i.e, recombinant insulin production in bacteria. Instead of growing human insulin in bacteria. Genetic engineering could theoretically be used to introduce the insulin gene into human cells that do not possess a functional copy. (That would still not cure diabetes unless these cells were also capable of appropriately increasing or decreasing their output of insulin according to conditions.) This type of genetic engineering is called gene therapy, the introduction of genetically engineered cells into an individual for therapeutic purposes. Three general requirements for gene therapy, first presented in 1980 should be shown in animal studies that; The new gene can be put into the correct target cells and will remain there long enough to be effective The new gene will be expressed in the cells at an appropriate level The new gene will not harm the cell or, by extension, the animal. These three requisites, summarized as delivery, expression, and safety, will each be examined in turn. These criteria are very similar to those required prior to the use of any new drug, therapeutic procedure, or surgical operation. The requirements simply state that the new treatment should get to the area of disease, correct it, and do more good than harm. Some flexibility is necessary since the criteria might be altered for a critically ill patient for whom no further conventional therapy is available. The exact definitions of what is long enough to be effective, what level is an appropriate level, and how much harm is meant by harm, are questions for ongoing discussion as more is learned about gene therapy. Ultimately, local Institutional Review Boards and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the latter through its newly created Working Group on Human Gene Therapy, must decide if a given protocol is ready for human application. Once the criteria are satisfied, that is, when the probable benefits for the patient are expected to exceed the possible risks, then attempts to cure h uman genetic disease by treatment with somatic cell gene therapy would be ethical. The goal of biomedical research is, and has always been, to alleviate human suffering. Gene therapy is a proper and logical part of that effort. (Anderson and Fletcher, 2010) Many diseases are genetically determined; for example, Huntington’s disease and cystic fibrosis (CF). Others are influenced by genes, but involve additional factors as well; for example, cancer and diabetes mellitus. Recent scientific developments make it possible for medicine to target such genetically related diseases at the molecular level, and thus offer the prospects of effective new therapies. The genes of somatic cells can be manipulated to modify a disease in an individual. If genes in germ cells are modified, a genetic disease may be prevented in progeny as well. In this essay, we will consider some of the scientific, social, and ethical issues associated with such genetic therapies. (Robert George, 2008) Genetic engineering is any process in which an organism’s genome is intentionally altered. Genetic engineering does not encompass traditional breeding techniques because it requires manipulation of an organism’s genes through cloning or transformation via the addition of foreign DNA. This process has five steps: Isolation of the genes Insertion of those genes into a transfer vector (a virus or a plasmid used as a conduit) Transfer of the vector to the organism to be modified Transformation of that organism’s cells Separation of the genetically modified organism (GMO) from organisms that have not been successfully modified. (Kathy, 2010) Genetic engineering is the direct alteration of individual genotypes. It is also called recombinant DNA technology or gene splicing, terms which are used interchangeably. Human genes can be inserted into human cells for therapeutic purposes. In addition, because all species carry their genetic information in DNA and use the same genetic code, genes can be moved from one species to another. (Pratik, 2007) Despite the everyday progresses of medicine solutions for human health, today cancer is still one of the biggest challenges for humanity. Thanks to the advancements in prevention and in treatment, the survival rate has been improved in the last few years. However, cancer remains one of the main causes of death worldwide with 8.2 million of death occurred in 2012. It is estimated that by 2020, there will be between 15 and 17 million new cases of cancer every year, 60% of which will be in developing countries. In economical developed countries the burden of cancer is a result of population aging and growth as well as an increasing adoption of cancer-associated lifestyle choices including smoking, physical inactivity, and ‘‘westernized’’ diets. Cancer, as definition, is the uncontrolled growth of cells that can occur in any type of tissue and, at the late stage, these cells lose their adhesion capacities and migrate to healthy tissues. Other than surgical treat ment, the different options are all based on a mechanical or pharmacological killing action against cancer cells, possibly avoiding the side effect damages of healthy cells. (Marco et al, 2015) Nanotechnology is one of the best promises to attack cancer cells more specifically, effectively and to reduce undesired side effects. In other terms, nanotechnology can be used to transport drugs to a specific site using specific keys such as antibodies. Moreover, in the context of developing innovative theranostics, nanomaterials could be used for imaging as a diagnostic tool and, at the same time, to stimulate and control the release of drugs in the cancer site. In the recent years numerous nanomaterials have been explored for potential theranostic applications for cancer therapy thanks to their properties. Compared to traditional molecular contrast agents or drugs, nanomaterials can be engineered to improve and integrate multiple functions in a single system also to give the control of drugs release, being of hope for the building of a next generation of anticancer tools i.e, Graphene. (Shanmugam, 2014) Materials and Methods Gene therapy is defined as â€Å"the treatment or prevention of disease by gene transfer† and involves the genetic modification of human cells by introducing one or more new genes. There are two types of gene therapy somatic and germ line: †¢ Somatic cell gene therapy involves the genetic modification of any cells in a patient’s body apart from the reproductive cells (egg and sperm). The intention is to confine changes to the individual being treated and the parts of the body where the illness is experienced (such as the lungs with cystic fibrosis) so the genetic alteration should not be passed on to the patient’s children. Somatic cell gene therapy is the only form that is permitted in this country. †¢ Germ line gene therapy involves genetically modifying a fertilised egg and therefore will affect not only the individual that develops from it, but also their offspring and successive generations. Because no actual therapy of an individual is involved, it is more accurately called germ line gene transfer. Although germ line genetic modification of plants and animals is now commonplace, germ line genetic modification of humans is currently banned in this country. This is in line with an existing world-wide consensus that such techniques should not be allowed because of the serious ethical and health implications of modifying the human germ line. (Mountain, 2000) In vivo is the working on germ line gene therapy within an organism. In vitro is related to the somatic cell gene therapy outside the organism i.e, in Lab. Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes are enzymes used to cut DNA at specific sites. There are several hundred restriction enzymes currently known and each cuts DNA at a different nucleotide sequence; these target sites are generally about four to eight nucleotides long. Each of these restriction enzymes is a normal product of a particular bacterial species, and most are named after the bacteria from which they are derived. Each species’ restriction enzyme cuts the DNA from other species, but not its own, because its own DNA does not contain the nucleotide sequence that is the target site for its own enzyme. (Pratik, 2007) Methods of DNA transfer Various methods of DNA or gene transfer are as follows; (Sukharev, 2010) Human Gene Therapy At present, the only human tissue that can be used effectively for gene transfer is bone marrow. No other cells (except, perhaps, skin cells) can be extracted from the body, grown in culture to allow insertion of exogenous genes, and then successfully reimplanted into the patient from whom the tissue was taken. In the future, as more is learned about how to package the DNA and to make it tissuespecific, the intravenous route would be the simplest and most desirable. However, attempting to give a foreign gene by injection directly into the bloodstream is not advisable with our present state of knowledge since the procedure would be enormously inefficient and there would be little control over the DNAs fate. Studies are considerably more advanced with bone. Patients with serious genetic diseases have little other hope at present for alleviation of their medical problems. Arguments that genetic engineering might someday be misused do not justify the needless perpetuation of human suffering that would result from an unnecessary delay in the clinical application of this potentially powerful therapeutic procedure. (Anderson and Fletcher, 2010) Arguments against Human Germ line Gene Therapy The ethical arguments against the use of a human germline gene therapy fall into three categories: Potential clinical risks The broader concern of changing the gene pool, genetic inheritance of the human population Social dangers. Ethical Issues Results In recent years, a variety of techniques have been developed to identify genes associated with specific diseases. Since 1990, when the first protocols for gene therapy were approved, over 100 new research protocols have been initiated for a variety of diseases, In the case of somatic cell therapies, the nature of a particular disease and other factors determine the specific cells targeted for genetic manipulation. Target cells have included lung, liver, white blood, endothelial, and cancer cells. All research to date has involved somatic cells, and the techniques used make improbable the spread of altered genes to germ cells. However, it seems likely that we will ultimately be able to alter the genes of germ cells, so that whatever changes are made are passed on to the subjects’ progeny. In current therapies (all of which are somatic cell), vectors are used to introduce new genetic material into target cells. Vectors are agents to which new genetic material is attached. A lot of betterment and efficiency have been observed by the implementation of the methods of gene therapy in curing disorders. Hence, gene therapy along with the genetic engineering plays an important role in the health care of human as well besides the animals and plants. The point is, it is just taken under a limitation by some of the organizations regarding to some ethical issues otherwise it is the futute treatment of all the diseases. Conclusions Gene therapy not only brings the prospect of treatments for previously untreatable illnesses, it may also enable the prevention of certain diseases through the correction of genetic disorders. However, it is clear from gene therapy under development that, in the short to medium term, most gene therapy will not be used for prevention but for developing more effective ‘genebased’ treatments for cancer and AIDS. Although gene therapy has been heralded as a major breakthrough in medical science, it also carries the potential for abuse and for commercial imperatives, not human need, to drive its progress. The demands of industry in maintaining investor confidence may increase the dangers to patients through secrecy and poor supervision. Placing too much emphasis on genes as the determining factor in health and disease may lead to prolongation of suffering as a result of other underlying causes being neglected. It may also give rise to new insidious practices of genetic discrimination in areas such as employment, insurance and health care. Avoiding the pitfalls whilst reaping the benefits of gene therapy is the challenge for politicians and regulators. Crucially, society must not be overcome by ‘genetic determinism’ or ‘genetic thinking’ and the hype of the biotechnology companies if health care issues are to be addressed effectively. References Sade RM, Khushf G., 2008, Gene therapy: Ethical and social issues, Carolina Med Assoc. 94(9):406-410. Kathy Wilson P., 2010, Biotechnology and genetic engineering, pg.12 Pratik Satya, 2007, Genetic Engineering and genomics, pg.95-122. Mountain A., 2000, Human Gene Therapy: A cure for all ills, Tibtech, 18: 119-128. Anderson and Fletcher, 2010, human Gene Therapy, Scientific and ethical considerations, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 10:275-291. Marco Orecchioni, Roberto Cabizza, Alberto Bianco and Lucia Gemma Delogu, 2015, Graphene as Cancer Theranostic Tool: Progress and Future Challenges, Theranostics, 5(7): 710-723. Shanmugam V, Selvakumar S, Yeh CS., 2014, Near-infrared light-responsive nanomaterials in cancer therapeutics, Chemical Society reviews; 43: 6254-87. Sukharev, SI, Klenchin, VA, Serov, SM, Chernomordik, LV Chizmadzhev, YA., 2010, Electroporation and electrophoretic DNA transfer into cells. The effect of DNA interaction with electropores. Biophys, 63 (5):1320-1327.

History of the Trumpet Essay

Trumpets are one of the oldest instruments. In ancient times, people used animal horns or shells like a trumpet. It was first used for signaling in ancient China (2000 BC), Egypt (1500 BC), and Scandinavia (1000 BC). It was long and had no valves. In Roman times, the trumpet was played at military and civilian ceremonies. The first musical use of the trumpet was in the late 1300’s where it had acquired the folded shape similar to today’s. In the 1500’s, Nuremberg, Germany became the center of trumpet making. During that time, the first music for trumpets was written. In the late 1700’s, the trumpet became a regular member of the orchestra. Short pieces of tubing called ‘crooks’ were invented and used to lengthen or shorten the trumpet so it could play more notes. In the 17th to 18th century, trumpets were mostly in the key of D of C for courtly purposes and E flat or F in the military. The valve trumpet was invented in 1815, making crooks unnecessary. Today, trumpets are usually played in orchestras, jazz bands, brass ensembles, popular music and bands. Different sized trumpets have different pitches and are used in different musical groups. Most trumpets in bands are in the key of B flat major. Historically, trumpets were used for many different things but music was not thought of until the late 1300’s. Louis Armstrong , born in 1901 and died in 1971, was a trumpet player. He was one of the most famous and influential trumpet player in Jazz history. Many people thought he was the greatest jazz cornet and trumpet player in the world. He was born in New Orleans and he learned to play the trumpet while serving a sentence for delinquency in the Home for Coloured Waifs. Dizzy Gillespie, born in 1917 and died in 1993, was also a trumpet player. He was an American trumpet player, composer, and band leader. Dizzy Gillespie’s real name is John Birks Gillespie. He was born in Cheraw, South Carolina. Dizzy co founded the bebop jazz movement with Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk. I have chosen a recording to listen to, from a CD called Trumpets in Modern Jazz. It is called ‘Kush’ and the performer is Dizzy Gillespie. I chose this recording because I knew Dizzy Gillespie was famous and I wanted to hear how he played the trumpet and to see if he really is as good as everyone says. Trumpets may be loud and annoying sometimes but they have survived through the years so treat trumpets with respect and it might let out the best music in the world.

Kinh Do Bakery

Executive summary This report was aimed at analyzing current issues in the organizational environment of KDC and providing recommendation for the company to improve its performance regarding environment. The analysis focuses on the external environment of KDC. Overall, KDC has a quite favorable external environment to a certain extent to make out the most of it. However, each of the factors in its external environment have good and bad effects on its outcome, realizing and understanding all of which can help the corporation to exploit the most from the environment and avoid mistakes reducing its achievements.External environment is divided into general and specific factors. In the general environment, economics is enduring massive fluctuations, making customers cut down expenditure and turn to economically efficient products. The political condition in Vietnam is stable, appropriating for applying in a long time. Whereas, the life styles of people are under a considerable change, the y adopt time- saving meals, which is an opportunity for instant foods of KDC. Nevertheless, the instant foods are also proved not to be so good for health.Finally, beside a potential domestic market, which possesses an ideal population structure, as Vietnam joined in WTO, it comes a chance of extending KDC’s market into the world. In the specific environment, because of the significant drop in people’s income comparing to real value of commodity, the purchasing power of customers decreases. The widespread of fake and low quality goods turns out to be an opportunity for KDC as people trust in established organizations.Regard the potentiality of confectionery industry development in Vietnam, it is easy to understand the vast number of KDC’s rivalries in the market, and despite the leading role of KDC, the others have their own considerably outstanding strengths. KDC has a wide variety of suppliers both from domestic and abroad, which bring not only benefits but al so disadvantages due to the differences in price and the distance to deliver. Finally, pressure groups always react in case of wrongdoings.With a view to solve the problems and exploit the market, KDC should cut down the price, diversify the products, build development and extend plans. They also should consider more about the responsiveness to the consumers and society I. Introduction KD is a big corporation which is the combination of many subsidiaries and each of which has the specialized production. However, when it comes to the brand name of KDC, people often associate it with the confectionary production, which is under implement of Kinh Do Bakery.Established in 1993, after 19 years of development, this company has become the leading one in the food industry. KDC is considered to be one of the well-known joint- stock company which is not only dominating in the market of Vietnam but also expanding to the international scope. In the recent years, though the economic recession ha s put a lot of pressure on the well-being of many companies, KDC still has the good performance and even make the incredibly high profit in the stock market of Vietnam.The annual report of KDC reveals that in 2011, the revenue increased by 32% and on average every SBU achieved the growth level of 2 digits. As food processing is the main production activities and also the base for the development of the whole group, the annual turnover from this section strikingly accounts for nearly 90% of the total revenue for the corporation. The customer that KDC targets at is the Vietnamese one especially children because normally, the confectionary good is more preferred by this group than the adults.Therefore, what the company is producing and providing to the market is of various kinds including candies, cakes, soft drinks, ice cream and other product made from milk. In addition, they have the desire for bringing their products to the world market to consolidate their position and get more pr ofit. No matter what strategic goal that KDC aims at, they always consistently follow the mission of the company which providing customers with the safe, delicious and nutritious products and trying to meet the changing their needs to fulfill the dream of making life better day by day.By that way, KDC can maintain its long-established reputation in the food industry as well as sustainable and non-stop development in the future. II. External environment analysis of KDC 1. General environment like any other organizations KDC is affected by its general environment which includes economic, political , sociocultural, demographic, technological and global conditions. 2. 1 Economic conditions Recently, Vietnam’s economy has been undergoing massive fluctuations which have affected almost companies including KDC.First of all, the years ranging from 2008 up until now, the issues of escalating inflation and high interest rate have posed numerous threats to businesses (Tu 2011). It is un doubted that those components of the economy have changed spending behaviors of customers, who may cut down their expenditures on luxuries as well as become more critical about what to buy and how much to buy. This may be a real challenge for KDC since the corporation is well known for high quality and costly products. 2. 2 Political/ legal conditionsThere is no doubt that political and legal situation of each nation always exerts profound effects on its business performance. In terms of politics, it is widely accepted that political environment in Vietnam is relatively stable, which gives KDC an opportunity to apply its development policies in a longer time frame without having to follow various political institutions. Concerning legal aspect, Vietnam Government provides and enforces Business Law by which an organization operates. For instance, in May1st, 2012 the Tuotre. vn reported that Vietnam Government passed through the Law which required higher minimum salary.Consequently, K DC had to spend more on salary for its employees. Hence, legal environment in Vietnam not only brings about advantages to a confectionary producing firm like KD but also creates barriers to the expansion and development of the corporation. 2. 3 Sociocultural conditions In recent years, Vietnam’s society and cultures have been experiencing considerable changes, which brings about the change in consumers’ life styles. One of which is adopting time saving meals instead of traditional ones, which is beneficial for instant foods industry- the major of KDC.This can be regarded as a big opportunity for all the businesses which manufacture instant food like KDC. Meanwhile, there is also another dominant trend in today’s society which to some extent may affect KDC. That is the shift in the Vietnamese perception in the importance of health in their lives. Thus, it is trendy now that more and more people put much emphasis on food hygene and safety when making choices of fo od. It means that they are tending to consume the products which are rooted in long-established and well-known brands.This is undeniably an obvious advantage to KDC which is by far top-of-mind company in Vietnam food industry. However, it is also posing challenges for KDC considering the confectionary sector. It is universally known that the products such as candies, cream cakes and so on are among the major causes of obesism, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and other serious problems (Bang 2011). As a result, people in modern culture with educational improvements have been gradually changing their tastes to adjust to products which contain low fat and cholesterol intake.This would be a big issue for KDC which operates in the field of manufacturing products with high volume of sugar, milk and butter. This is a big challenge for KDC to innovate the ingredients in its products to meet these new requirements from its customers. 2. 4 Demographic conditions As reported in the C IA World Factbook in 2011, Vietnam has an ideal population structure, consisting of more than 90% of youth and mature people within working age. This has contributed to creating a vibrant and potential market for KDC in private and food industry in general.Moreover, this striking pattern in age structure of the country also brings about a significant benefit for KDC, which does business in food manufacturing sector with high demand for labors. 2. 5 Technological conditions It is obvious that technology is a very active element filled with numerous opportunities and threats to enterprises. First of all, as widely accepted, the introduction of modern technology helps simplify a variety of complicated and time-consuming manufacturing processes, contributing to optimizing efficiency and improving profits for many firms.However, in Vietnam, it seems to be an immense challenge since there is a shortage of qualified staffs to meet the new requirements of knowledge economy such in-depth und erstanding of advancements in science and technology. In addition, our country also ranks behind many other countries in the world in the field of technological applications as well as transferring. According to the Report of the World Economic Forum (WEF) published in recent years concerning technology indicators, the order of our country is 92 out of 117 hile that of Thailand is 43. Hence, it can be concluded that this would an immense challenge for KDC to cope with technological issues today given the explosion of newly emerging technologies, which has and has been making existing ones become quickly obsolete and need innovating much more frequently than ever. 2. 6 Global conditions As reported in the VTC news, Vietnam has officially become a member of the World Trade Organization-WTO. This has marked an important turning point in the country’s development in all aspects.In terms of economy, joining the WTO has given domestic enterprises an opportunity to integrate into th e global economy, expanding their scope of market. Nevertheless, it may also pose threats to many firms as it would attract more and more foreign investment into the country, creating harsh competition in domestic economy. KDC may also be put under this threat unless it could reinforce its outstanding position in customers’ mind. In addition, the opening of the country’s economy to the global one also means that our economy will be influenced by fluctuations in other economies.In recent years, the whole world has been suffering a long period of economic downturn, which has resulted in a dramatic decrease in purchasing power even in developed countries. Thus, not only KDC but also numerous enterprises all over the world would have to address this problem to gain an outstanding position in the gloomy picture of global economy. 2. Specific environment 3. 7 Customer According to Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter, the specific environment is the external factors directly affecting managers’ decisions and actions and is of the most relevant components to the achievement of the organization’s goals (Robbins2009, p. 8). As specific environment is unique to each organization, it is worth analyzing the specific environment of KDC to find out its opportunities and threats. Customers seem to be first mentioned as an organization’s existence is for their demands. Consequently, this is the objective that organizations have to satisfy initially. Naturally, customers always want to buy goods at the lowest price and highest quality, which pushes organizations to race in the field of price and product’s quality pressure.It is quite challenging in the case of price pressure as the price of inputs is increasing faster over time whereas the income and purchasing power of consumers are limited. According to the Vietnam economic forum, in 2009, GDP of Vietnam decreased by 51 years in comparison with Indonesia, 95 years with Thailand and 15 8 years in comparison with Singapore (Le Khac 2012). In the article titled â€Å"Moi lo lon: gia ca tang cao thu nhap tang cham† (2007), the author also mentioned about the alarmingly increasing trend of necessary goods including food, which had strong negative impacts on the living standard of people with low income.Despite the increase of production cost, organizations still have to maintain their quality of goods because without it, consumers will reduce their purchase. Especially in the context of fake goods and low quality goods widely spread in the market, the challenge that KDC has to face is not easy. The article â€Å" sua kem chat luong, banh keo qua ‘dat’ tran lan† (2005) reveals that market control forces discovering successively increasingly cases of producing and delivering fake and low quality goods, included products faking KDC’s, which absolutely negatively affects the prestige of the company.However, the number of consumers trustin g in KDC and buying its products always ranks first in comparison with other domestic confectionery companies, showing the advantage of it over the rivals, the total revenue of 4 other largest companies in term of confectionery which are Hai Ha, Huu Nghi, Biscafun and QNS is only equal to 73% of KDC’s (2012). One more problem that the company itself realized is that the bird flu, which affects the quality and price of eggs_ the major ingredients in making KDC’s products, raised the cost of production and reduced the sale of the products (2012). . 8 Competitors Although KDC is the largest confectionery company in Vietnam, it does not mean that it can eternally maintain the current position without caring about other less successful companies and other kinds of competitors. The main current rivalries of KDC are Hai Ha, Huu Nghi, Biscafun and QNS. While KDC focused on the high and medium grade products, others tend to pursue producing the common grade products. And wherea s KDC is the leader in the market share of moon cake, AFC and sweet biscuit, those 4 companies also ave their strong positions in other products: BBC lead in candy market, HHC lead in chew and Jelly market, Huu Nghi well-known for Tet jam and industrial salty bread, which also bring them great profit and still tremendously potential to exploit (2012), from the research, we realize that although the way KDC is following is highly profitable and still grow fast, it may be rather risky when the income of consumers is low and they cannot afford its products in the future, in that case, they can turn to other brands.It also exists the case of consumers changing their tastes, and demand more the products that KDC does not focus to, which can reduce sharply its sale revenue. Additionally, the confectionery industry is one of the most potential industries in Vietnam ( from 2008 to 2012 the production of confectionery increases by 114. 7% per year despite the depression  (2007), so the cha nce of new entrants coming to it and take parts of KDC market share is of high likelihood 3. 9 SuppliersRegardless of however potential the market is, without suppliers, a company cannot perform anything. Suppliers, defined as who provide not only materials and equipment but also financial and labor resource, play a crucial role on the well-being of companies. In the case of KDC, the suppliers of raw materials are determined by its vision and mission. As the quality of products is what factory puts the most emphasis on, KDC has a tendency to coordinating with the partners of high prestige supplying high quality and clearly-rooted materials.The main inputs such as sugar, eggs, flour, admixtures are taken from the domestic market while milk powder and chocolate are from the global one, particularly, France, Thailand, Australia, and New Zealand. It can be acknowledged as an opportunity of KDC because the materials in the internal market are always available and it just has to deal with negligible carrying cost. Whereas, the wider spread of supplier network over the world market enables KDC to be flexible in ensuring the inputs for production.Along with the opportunities, suppliers also pose a lot of threats to the company in different ways, the first of which is through prices. As announced in the annual report of KDC in 2011, due to the inflation, the firm suffers from dramatically increasing and unstable prices of material together with the rises in salary and utilities expense, which leads to a significant drop in total revenue of KDC. Moreover, as KDC imports some materials from the external market, they are the price takers. Therefore, they will encounter some problems because of the fluctuations in the world prices.Back to the domestic market, the changing prices of inputs, especially sugar is really a pending issue. Not only KDC but also many confectionery producing corporations also get exhausted with the discrepancy between the sugar price at the beginni ng and the end of the harvest. While the price of confectionery does not change by 10 % per year, the sugar price fluctuates by nearly 30% (Hung, cited in thesaigontimes. vn, 2012) What is more, company effectiveness of performance is reduced significantly by supply chain disruption especially in global sourcing.Rob Handfield (2011, p3) points out that the delay in supplying can cut down shareholder value by as much as 10% or even worse in ‘time-sensitive† environments where early market introduction is critical to success. KDC also gets part of its inputs from the external market through shipping so it is impossible to avoid the risk of supply chain disruption, which means a great deal of time and money wasted. 3. 10 Pressure groups. One more factor that a firm often has to bear in mind derives from pressure groups, which are the ones attempting to influence the actions of organization.Every organization has its own pressure groups and as for KDC, the 2 groups that have the role in regulating KDC’s performances are Environmental Protection Group and Customer Right Protection Group. The EPG takes investigation of the treatment to wastes from production activities of KDC to determine whether it does harm to environment or not. If there is any problem, they will reflect it through the medium to force the company to correct it or make some compensation. The CRPG monitors the action of KDC from the step of taking inputs to processing and packaging to ensure it is safe to the health of customers.As the social attitudes change so does the power of pressure groups. In 2008, KDC had been blamed for using milk powder that contains melamine- one toxic substance- to produce cakes. Under the pressure of media, KDC had to carry out a careful test to make sure that the production was absolutely reliable. ( Thao, cited in baomoi. com,2008) | | | | | III. Recommendations In term of specific environment, as confectionery demand is rather elastic due to its e normous number of close substitutes, the lower the price is, the higher the demand is, especially in these dark days of the economy.Hence, it is obvious that KDC should take a set of actions in terms of price to motivate consumers to purchase more such as reducing the price of products, or giving promotions when they buy a certain large amount. Such programs will not only raise the company’s revenue but also make its reputation much more well-known. The marketing work also should be taken into consideration since the current advertising campaign of KDC is not of high effectiveness. Thus to make the quality of its products known and then highly regarded by people, it should promote advertising and marketing strategy.As regard competition, to be more competitive to best exploit the market, it is thought that KDC should research and build development plans, diversifying its products and expanding to other markets, this will both helps KDC to avoid the case of lower revenue due t o the change of consumers’ taste and bring about enormously larger revenue if successful. For the suppliers, the careful analysis over opportunities and threats that supplier chains bring about gives the implications for the company to direct its actions. As for KDC, to minimize the negative impacts of suppliers, it has to face 2 ill-minded questions.The first one is how to reduce the purchasing prices of inputs. To enjoy the low-cost sourcing, it is advised that KDC should make a periodical purchase with extreme amount of materials. By that way, KDC is benefit from the great negotiation power over its partners about the prices. Another question is how to manage the risks from tardy delivery progress. According to Handfield, the most critical action is to develop the supplies chain strategies to detect the problems, assess the negative impacts and also mitigate them.In the case of KDC, they should sign the strict contracts with its partners, forcing them to adhere to the cont racts to ensure about the delivery progress. Moreover, it is better for KDC to make plans of frequently checking the materials left to be active in ensuring the inputs for manufacturing. Besides suppliers, KDC should pay attention to the pressure groups. The only way to get out of the impacts of them is doing things right. In particular, KDC is encouraged to give priority to the customer rights by providing the safe goods to consumers with appropriate prices.Moreover, it is necessary to develop a business plan of manufacturing parallel with protecting environment. It is the way KDC performs its social responsibility. Turning to external forces in the general environment, there is no denying that KDC should take these components into thorough consideration. Concerning opportunities, the firm should understand and take advantage of them to reinforce its competitive advantage over other competitors. For instance, in terms of demography, Vietnam seems to be a dynamic and potential marke t for confectionary products.Therefore, KDC should seek the ways to expand their scope of production as well as diversifying their items to meet new requirements from different customers. Turning to the issues that are generated by the general environment, the firm should stay alert and pay more attention to them if it does not want to be put under serious losses. Specifically, it is obvious that KDC should take into account the fluctuations in the open market as well as changes in the Government rules and regulations to respond quickly and make appropriate adjustments for its strategic management.IV. Conclusion To sum up, it is concluded with no doubt that KDC is doing an extremely good business, which brings about a strikingly high economic profit and also gets the KD’s brand name familiar with the customers in the domestic market as well as the global one. To attain this achievement, beside some internal factors of the company such as the good manager, skillful employees o r great capital, the external environment of KDC also makes a significant contribution.The general factor, which include economic, demographic, technological, social, cultural, political/legal, global, though do not have the direct impacts on the performance of KDC, they still serve as the frame to set the standard for all business activities. On the contrary, KDC is influenced by four specific elements namely customers, suppliers, competitors and pressure groups. They act as the determinants of the success or failure of KDC. Hence, it is required for KDC to carefully understand the opportunities as well as threats that these factors pose on the company to have the right direction for development in the future.REFERENCE ‘Danh sach nha cung c? p nguyen li? u cho Kinh Do. ’ 2011 [online] Available at URL : . http://www. tuhaoviet. vn/index. php/tin-tuc/tieu-diem/199-dac-diem-cua-nganh-banh-keo-viet-nam#. ULFf_4c2aIU. KDC (Accessed on November 24,2012) Hung, 2012, ‘ Nien v? mia du? ng 2012/13 : cu? c chi? n gia c? ’ [online] Available at URL : http://www. thesaigontimes. vn/Home/kinhdoanh/dautu/84914/Nien-vu-mia-duong-2012/13-Cuoc-chien-gia-ca. html. 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[online] Available at URL: http://vanban. chinhphu. vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban? class_id=1&_page=1&mode=detail&document_id=157436 (Accessed on November 2012) Khoi 2007, ‘Gia nh? p WTO: Ngay l? ch s? c? a Vi? t Nam’. [online]Available at URL: http://vtc. vn/10-12223/quoc-te/tin-tuc/gia-nhap-wto-ngay-lich-su-cua-viet-nam. htm (Accessed on November 25 2012) Tu 2011, ‘L? m phat va lai su? t tin d? ng’. [online]Available at URL: http://www. baomoi. com/Home/TaiChinh/doanhnhansaigon. vn/Lam-phat-va-lai-suat-tin-dung/7280942. pi (Accessed on November 25, 2012) ‘ Moi lo lon : gia ca tang cao thu nhap tang cham† [online] Available at URL: http://vietbao. vn/Kinh-te/Gia-ca-tang-cao-thu-nhap-tang-cham-Moi-lo-lon/55145690/88/ (Accessed on November 23, 2012) ‘Noi va lam: thu nhap vietnam gia ca quoc te’ [online] Available at URL  : http://vef. vn/2012-04-01-noi-va-lam-thu-nhap-viet-nam-gia-ca-q uoc-te (Accessed on November 23, 2012) ‘Sua kem chat luong, banh keo qua ‘dat’ tran lan’ [ online] Available at URL: http://vietbao. vn/Kinh-te/Sua-kem-chat-luong-banh-keo-qua-dat-tran-lan/20438509/87/ (Accessed on November 22, 2012) So sanh cac doanh nghiep banh keo hang dau vietnam’ [online] Available at URL: http://gafin. vn/20120701021441520p0c36/so-sanh-cac-doanh-nghiep-banh-keo-hang-dau-viet-nam. htm (Accessed on November 23, 2012) ‘Banh keo kinh do/ gioi thieu’ [online] Available at URL: http://www. vinacorp. vn/stock/hose-kdc/banh-keo-kinh-do/gioi-thieu (Accessed on November 19, 2012) ‘Vietnam- thi truong banh keo tiem nang’ [online] Available at URL: http://www. baomoi. com/Viet-Nam–thi-truong-banh-keo-tiem-nang/50/3279233. epi ( Accessed on November 22, 2012)

What You Can Do to Prevent Alzheimers by Lisa Genova - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 635 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? For this video application, we are watching the video from TED of What You Can Do to Prevent Alzheimers by Lisa Genova, here a brief summary of the video. As the video starts, Lisa Genova, an American neuroscientist and author of several books; gives a brief statistic by telling everyone that one in three has Alzheimers disease. Scientists have done so many researches to find a treatment or even a cure of this horrific disease, unfortunately, there has not been one yet. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What You Can Do to Prevent Alzheimers by Lisa Genova" essay for you Create order However, Genova has a way to change the statistics of people suffering Alzheimers disease, the first proceeds talking about the neuroscience of Alzheimers, how this disease begins, and the process of how it increases. Later on, she gives her first solution of how to prevent this disease by creating a preventative medicine that can intervene in the process of keeping the amyloid plaques lower rather than reaching the tipping point. Even though, medicines that can do this has been developed and tested; which each has not been successful. She claims that the previously tested medicines have not worked because the patients had higher levels of the Alzheimer diseases. Genova states preventative treatment and lifestyle habits could benefit our chances of not developing the Alzheimers disease. Genova also claims that there are many risk factors that should be avoided to prevent the Alzheimers disease. One of these risk factors being lack of deep sleep. Lisa Genova concludes her speech and p resentation by pointing out that the true benefit to improving your chances of not developing the Alzheimers disease, is to increase, enhance, and strengthen your synaptic connections between your neurons. With more synaptic connections being made every day, especially about singular subjects, then it is harder for amyloid plaque to block all your connections to one memory or subject of thought. The video that we watched applies to two concepts from Chapter 10 of Abnormal Phycology Sixth Edition by Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. I believe that Genovas speech represents the concepts of Brain Abnormalities in Alzheimers Disease and Causes of Alzheimers Disease. Brain Abnormalities in Alzheimers Disease: One of the brain abnormalities that the textbook provides is Neurofibrillary Tangles. This tangle are made up of protein called tau. Impede nutrients and other essentials supplies from moving through cells to the extent that cells eventually die. (307) I believe it applies to Genovas speech because she explains how the patients of mid-stage Alzheimers has Neurofibrillary Tangles and inflammation throughout the whole synapse creating a disaster in the neurons and loss of memory. A second brain abnormality that was provided from the textbook is Plaques. These plaques are deposit of a class of protein, called beta-amyloid, that are neurotoxic and accumulate in the spaces between the cells of the cerebral cortex [] and other brain structures critical to memory and cognition. (307) Genova mentions this in her Ted talks when she describes how the beta-amyloid plaque can build up through 15-20 years of age and people would not notice it until it is too late. Causes of Alzheimers Disease: The textbook provides a few examples of causes of Alzheimers disease. One of the major causes is generally genetic traits that are hereditary. The textbook identifies that risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 1.8 to 4.0 times higher for people with a family history of the disorder than those without such history. (307) Genova also speaks on this subject when she describes the metaphor of a scale, with risk factors on one side of the scale and chances of developing Alzheimers on the other. Genova states that if you are genetically related to a person or a line of persons who had or have Alzheimers then the scale tips in the favor in increased chances of having already having or developing Alzheimers. Reference: Hoeksema-Nolen, Susan. The research Endeavor (Ab)normal Psychology Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014, pp. 307.